Thoughts on the German Confederation, 1815-1866

From Political Fragmentation towards a Customs Union: Border Effects of the German Zollverein, 1815 to 1855

Over the first half of the 19 century, the Prussian-German Customs Union known as the Zollverein gradually unified a scattered confederation of sovereign states under an internal free trade agreement. This paper uses grain prices to quantify the differential effect of the Zollverein for market integration among Zollverein members versus European powers that were not part of the Zollverein, incl...

Some Thoughts on the Evolution of the German Law of Contracts: Part I

Dmd058917 1858..1866

Remarkable methodological advances in the past decade have expanded the application of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of biotherapeutics. Currently, LC/MS represents a promising alternative or supplement to the traditional ligand binding assay (LBA) in the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicokinetic studies of protein drugs, owing to the rapid and ...

survey on the rule of the due & hindering relying on the sheikh ansaris ideas

قاعده مقتضی و مانع در متون فقهی کم و بیش مستند احکام قرار گرفته و مورد مناقشه فقهاء و اصولیین می باشد و مشهور معتقند مقتضی و مانع، قاعده نیست بلکه یکی از مسائل ذیل استصحاب است لذا نگارنده بر آن شد تا پیرامون این قاعده پژوهش جامعی انجام دهد. به عقیده ما مقتضی دارای حیثیت مستقلی است و هر گاه می گوییم مقتضی احراز شد یعنی با ماهیت مستقل خودش محرز گشته و قطعا اقتضاء خود را خواهد داشت مانند نکاح که ...

IBGP Confederation Provisioning

This paper proposes an optimization method for the design of large scale confederation based BGP networks. We propose a graph based model and an associated metric to evaluate the reliability of large scale autonomous systems. We propose and validate an effective methodology to find the optimal design for a given physical topology. According to our experiments, we consider that replacing the tra...